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Today, this definition has become obsolete and does not capture the new reality of this relationship. relationship has long been defined as a strategic alliance underwritten by NATO. Under these circumstances, it is clear that the Turkey-U.S. position on the self-exiled Islamic preacher Fethullah Gülen, who many in the Turkish government believe was the architect of the failed coup attempt in Turkey in July 2016 the possible impact of the Halkbank court case on grounds of past violations of Iran sanctions and the Biden administration’s decision to use the word “genocide” to refer to the killings and deportations of Ottoman Armenians during World War I. Also important are the consequences of the erosion of democratic norms in Turkey the U.S. support for Syria’s Kurdish military and political factions. At the top of the list of current disagreements are Turkey’s acquisition of the S-400 air and missile defense system from Russia and ongoing U.S. This paper examines five main areas of disagreement between the two countries and explores how the two sides might overcome these differences. This growing divergence in terms of how Ankara and Washington see the world creates a challenging environment for constructively addressing the range of prevailing bilateral disputes. Turkish political elites firmly believe that a successful repositioning of their country in this multipolar environment will benefit the nation in the long run. This understanding now shapes the strategic calculus of Turkish policymakers. Ankara interprets these trends, as well as Russia’s growing regional activism, as signs of the lasting emergence of a multipolar world order. The rise of Asia and the ascendancy of China are seen more as opportunities than threats. Ankara, however, views the world very differently. In Washington, competition between global powers is now the overriding frame for U.S. The end of the Cold War and the emergence of a more multipolar system have altered the nature of U.S.-Turkey engagement. And yet recovery from the present crisis is uncertain, as the underlying factors that previously shaped the relationship have changed. President Joe Biden and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the margin of the June 2021 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Summit in Brussels raised expectations that the U.S.-Turkey relationship can be put back on track. This working paper is the first publication of Carnegie’s new Turkey and the World Initiative.Īt present, the relationship between Turkey and the United States is in a deep crisis.